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Resources

This bibliography includes a selection of books and reading materials that aided the research for this project:

Books

Barbeau, Arthur E., and Florette Henri. The Unknown Soldiers: African-American Troops in World War I. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.

Dalessandro, Robert J. and Gerald Torrence. Willing Patriots: Men of Color in the First World War. Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 2009.

Harris, Stephen L. Harlem's Hell Fighters: The African-American 369th Infantry in World War I. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc., 2003.

Haynes, Robert. A Night of Violence: The Houston Riot of 1917. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976.

Scott, Emmett J. The American Negro In The World War. Chicago: Homewood Press, 1919. 

Sharpe, Henry G.  The Quartermasters Corps in the Year 1917 in the World War. New York: The Century Co, 1921.

Articles

Bernard, Gilles., and Pierre Besnard. "Colored American Soldiers in the First World War." Militaria Magazine, March 1995, 11-19.

Spingarn, Arthur B. "The Health and Morals of Colored Troops." The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, August 1918, 166-168.

"The Looking Glass," The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, August 1918, 178-182.

"Of Course I Want Them." The Stars and Stripes, 23 August 1918, 1.

Images

Harris & Ewing, photographer. ARMY, U.S. COLORED SOLDIERS. , 1917. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016868638/.

Thompson, E. B, photographer. Negro soldier reading to boys who can't read. Camp Gordon, Ga. -18. Camp Gordon Dekalb County Georgia, None. [Between 1917 and 1918] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2011660972/.

Bain News Service, Publisher. US Army Jazz Band, Camp Upton. , 1918. date created or published later by Bain. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2014707044/.

Three unidentified African American soldiers in uniforms with vase of flowers in front of American flag and painted backdrop. , None. [Between 1917 and 1918] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017648686/.

Hine, Lewis Wickes, photographer. Distributing goodies to the negro troops as they arrive at Auteuil. AMERICAN RED CROSS workers distribute chocolate, cigarettes etc. to the wounded negro soldiers arriving at AMERICAN RED CROSS military hospital No 5 at Auteuil. Auteuil France, 1918. October. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017682733/.

Hine, Lewis Wickes, photographer. The AMERICAN RED CROSS home service gives comfort and reassurance to American soldiers who are anxious about the welfare of their families at home. The picture shows Lieu. John Applebee talking with colored soldiers at Camp Hospital No. 43 at Gievres. One of these men says his wife is not getting her allottment from the Government and Lieut. Applebee assures him it will be looked up. France Gievres, 1918. September. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017682423/.

Hine, Lewis Wickes, photographer. Negro troops arrive at Auteuil. Wounded but not down hearted American negro soldiers arrive in an ambulance at the AMERICAN RED CROSS military hospital No. 5 at Auteuil. Auteuil France, 1918. October. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017682734/.

302nd Eng. repairing road over trench and 92nd Div. colored machine gunners going into action, Argonne Forest, France. Argonne France, None. [Between 1917 and 1918] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017648704/.

Two unidentified African American soldiers in uniforms and overseas caps on motorcycle with sidecar. , None. [Between 1917 and 1918] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017648687/.

On board the "Momus" at sea, in the danger zone Part of the civilian stevedore battalion, under command of captain Goege Luberoff, Q.M.C., on board the Momus in the danger zone, on their way to Saint Nazaire, France / / Signal Corps USA. Atlantic Ocean, 1917. [United States: U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps, June 20th] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016651366/.  

United States Army. Signal Corps, photographer. The "skirmish line" searching for the lost graves ... Company A, 321st Labor Battalion, spread out in "skirmish line" formation by twos, searching for dead along the south bank of the Vesle in the Chateau-Thierry section. The stretchers are used to transport the bodies to the cemeteries / U.S. Army Signal Corps A.E.F. photographic laboratory. , 1918. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017648716/.

Unidentified African American soldier in uniform and overseas cap with rifle and knife hanging from cartridge belt. , None. [Between 1917 and 1918] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017648673/.

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